Novel Biomarkers – PD-1
Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) is a protein found on the surface of T cells, which are crucial for the immune system’s ability to recognise and eliminate infected or damaged cells, including cancer cells.
PD-1 inhibits T cell activity to prevent excessive immune responses which can be damaging. A soluble form of PD-1 can be measured in the blood and is associated with various autoimmune diseases, cancers, and chronic infections.
Autoimmune Diseases
Higher levels of sPD-1 have been linked to conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. T cells are key players in the development of rheumatoid arthritis, increased expression of sPD-1 may suppress PD-1 inhibition of T Cells, leading to prolonged T Cell activity and disease progression. Due to its role in regulating T cell activity, the PD-1 pathway is a potential target for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
sPD-1 may also be involved in the immune dysfunction associated with other autoimmune diseases such as lupus, myasthenia gravis, and systemic sclerosis.
Other Applications
Cancer: sPD-1 levels are higher in cancers such as liver cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Monitoring sPD-1 can reflect tumour burden and help in evaluating treatment response. The PD-1 pathway is an attractive target for cancer treatment as blocking the interaction of PD-1 may stop PD-1 mediated inhibition of T Cell activation allowing T cells to target and destroy tumour cells.
Infection: Increased sPD-1 levels are found in chronic infections like hepatitis B and HIV, levels showed correlation with viral load.
Biochip Array Technology
The Evidence MultiSTAT
Meet the Evidence MultiSTAT
The Evidence MultiSTAT is an easy to use, small footprint analyser facilitating on-site simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers.
Using chemiluminescence as a measurement principle, the Evidence MultiSTAT consistently delivers accurate results.
With minimal sample preparation required, this versatile benchtop analyser can achieve accurate, quantitative results in minutes.
Meet the Cartridge
The Evidence MultiSTAT cartridge contains the reagents required for the chemiluminescent reaction to take place incorporated into its wells.
The process from sample entry to results can be completed in 2 simple steps, with minimal risk of human error.
No other components are required.
References
Akamine, H. U. (2023). Role of soluble forms of follicular helper T-cell membrane molecules in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 578014.
Ancın, B. Ö. (2022). The correlation of serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels with clinical pathological characteristics and lymph node metastasis in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 1050-1057.
Bailly, C. X. (2021). Soluble programmed death ligand-1 (sPD-L1): a pool of circulating proteins implicated in health and diseases. Cancers, 3034.
Bian, B. F. (2019). Prognostic significance of circulating PD-1, PD-L1, pan-BTN3As, BTN3A1 and BTLA in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Oncoimmunology, e1561120.
Cai, L. e. (2021). Unbalanced expression of membrane-bound and soluble programmed cell death 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clinical Immunology, 108800.
Chen, R. Y. (2023). The role of PD-1 signaling in health and immune-related diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 1163633.
Chen, Y. J. (2024). Characteristics of PD-1+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clinical & Translational Immunology, e70006.
Cheng, H. Y. (2014). Circulating programmed death-1 as a marker for sustained high hepatitis B viral load and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLOS One, e95870.
Dillman, R. O. (2019). Preliminary observations on soluble programmed cell death protein-1 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with patient-specific autologous vaccines. Oncotarget, 5359-5371.
Du, Y. e. (2020). Serum levels of soluble programmed death‐1 (sPD‐1) and soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD‐L1) in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with activity and severity. Scandinavian journal of immunology, e12884.
El-Shazly, R. N. (2022). Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), soluble programmed cell death-1 (sPD-1) and its ligand-1 (sPDL-1) in systemic sclerosis patients: relation to disease parameters. The Egyptian Rheumatologist, 333-337.
Fanale, D. e. (2022). Can circulating PD-1, PD-L1, BTN3A1, pan-BTN3As, BTN2A1 and BTLA levels enhance prognostic power of CA125 in patients with advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer?. Frontiers in Oncology, 946319.
Fukasawa, T. e. (2017). Contribution of soluble forms of programmed death 1 and programmed death ligand 2 to disease severity and progression in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 1879-1890.
Goto, M. C. (2019). Analytical performance of a new automated chemiluminescent magnetic immunoassays for soluble PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in human plasma. Scientific Reports, 10144.
Greisen, S. R. (2014). Increased soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) is associated with disease activity and radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 101-108.
Hassan, W. A. (2015). Clinical significance of soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Relation to disease activity and functional status. The Egyptian Rheumatologist, 165-169.
He, J. P. (2020). Study on the expression levels and clinical significance of PD-1 and PD-L1 in plasma of NSCLC patients. Journal of Immunotherapy, 156-164.
Hirahara, S. K. (2020). Serum levels of soluble programmed cell death protein 1 and soluble programmed cell death protein ligand 2 are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus and associated with the disease activity. Lupus, 686-696.
Hu, B. e. (2020). LncRNA XLOC_003810 promotes T cell activation and inhibits PD‐1/PD‐L1 expression in patients with myasthenia gravis‐related thymoma. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, e12886.
Huyen, P. T. (2022). Circulating level of sPD-1 and PD-1 genetic variants are associated with hepatitis B infection and related liver disease progression. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 229-236.
Khan, M. e. (2020). Soluble PD-1: predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic value for cancer immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 587460.
Király, Z. N. (2023). The possible clinical significance of a decreased serum level of soluble PD-L1 in discoid lupus erythematosus but not in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus – a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5648.
Kruger, S. e. (2017). Serum levels of soluble programmed death protein 1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in advanced pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology, e1310358.
Lee, H. W. (2019). Serum PD-1 levels change with immunotherapy response but do not predict prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Liver Cancer, 108-116.
Li N, Z. Z. (2017). Circulating soluble programmed death-1 levels may differentiate immune-tolerant phase from other phases and hepatocellular carcinoma from other clinical diseases in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Oncotarget, 46020.
Li, Y. C. (2019). Serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 as biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Clinical Breast Cancer, 326-332.
Liu C, J. J. (2015). Soluble PD-1 aggravates progression of collagen-induced arthritis through Th1 and Th17 pathways. Arthritis research & therapy, 1-13.
Liu, M. Z. (2017). Serum sPD-L1, upregulated in sepsis, may reflect disease severity and clnical outcomes in septic patients. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 66-72.
Lui, M. e. (2017). Serum sPD‐L1, upregulated in sepsis, may reflect disease severity and clinical outcomes in septic patients. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 66-72.
Monaghan, S. F. (2016). Soluble programmed cell death receptor-1 (sPD-1): a potential biomarker with anti-inflammatory properties in human and experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Journal of translational medicine, 1-9.
Nielsen, C. O.-L. (2005). Alternative splice variants of the human PD-1 gene. Cellular Immunology, 109-116.
Ohkuma, R. e. (2021). Increased plasma soluble PD-1 concentration correlates with disease progression in patients with cancer treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies. Biomedicines, 1929.
Pedersen, K. N.-M. (2023). Galectin-3 interacts with PD-1 and counteracts the PD-1 pathway-driven regulation of T cell and osteoclast activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, e13245.
Sharpe, A. H. (2018). The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway. Nature reviews. Immunology, 153–167.
Sun, J. B. (2019). Modulation of PDCD1 exon 3 splicing. RNA Biology, 1794-1805.
Ugurel, S. S. (2020). Elevated baseline serum PD-1 or PD-L1 predicts poor outcome of PD-1 inhibition therapy in metastatic melanoma. Annals of Oncology, 144-152.
Wan, B. N. (2006). Aberrant regulation of synovial T cell activation by soluble costimulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Immunology, 8844-8850.
Wang, C. Y. (2018). Expression of costimulatory molecule inducible costimulator and coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 in patients with myasthenia gravis. Chinese Journal of Neurology, 105-110.
Xu, L. e. (2021). Soluble programmed death molecule 1 (sPD-1) as a predictor of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC immunology, 1-10.
Yan, X. e. (2019). Unbalanced expression of membrane-bound and soluble inducible costimulator and programmed cell death 1 in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clinical immunology, 68-78.
Yu, X. e. (2021). Serum soluble PD‐1 plays a role in predicting infection complications in patients with acute pancreatitis. Immunity, inflammation and disease, 310-318.
Zhang, T. Y.-J. (2023). Role of regulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in sepsis. Frontiers in Immunology, 1029438.
Zhao, Y. J. (2018). The risk stratification and prognostic evaluation of soluble programmed death-1 on patients with sepsis in emergency department. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 43-48.
Zhao, Y. J. (2019). Predictive value of soluble programmed death-1 for severe sepsis and septic shock during the first week in an intensive care unit. Shock, 289-297.
Zhou, L. e. (2019). Soluble programmed death‐1 is a useful indicator for inflammatory and fibrosis severity in chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 795-802.
Zhu, X. a. (2017). Soluble PD-1 and PD-L1: predictive and prognostic significance in cancer. Oncotarget, 97671.
Zilber, E. e. (2019). Soluble plasma programmed death 1 (PD-1) and Tim-3 in primary HIV infection. Aids, 1253-1256.