Assessing the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease

Assessing the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease

World Alzheimer’s Month

World Alzheimer’s Month is a global campaign to raise awareness and highlight the challenge that surrounds the disease, hosted by the Alzheimer’s disease International (ADI) every September. During this month World Alzheimer’s Day also takes place, 21 September each year.

47 million people are living with Alzheimer’s worldwide, costing 604 billion USD per year. This number is expected to rise to 76 million people with the disease by 2030.1 The FDA have not approved a medication for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease since 2003. More than 400 clinical trials are currently looking at new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and many of them are actively recruiting. Many still regard the amyloid hypothesis as a key explanation for Alzheimers disease development and progression.2

Alzheimer’s risk

Alzheimer’s disease is not necessarily inherited as a single-gene mutation as the inheritance pattern is incredibly complex. Unlike familial Alzheimer’s disease, a multi-gene form usually affects those aged 65 and older. The gene with the greatest known effect on the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is called apolipoprotein E (APOE). It is found on chromosome 19 and the APOE protein plays a role in handling fats in the body, including cholesterol. 3

ApoE plays a key role in lipid metabolism and the scientific and medical community recognise it as one of the most powerful genetic risk factors for dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. It has become one of the most widely studied gene variants in Alzheimer’s disease and constitutes a major consideration for preventive medicine.

ApoE exists in three common isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4) which are coded by three co-dominant alleles (e2, e3, e4). As such, six common ApoE phenotypes exist within the general population: E2/E2, E3/E3, E4/E4 (homozygous) and E2/E3, E2/E4, E3/E4 (heterozygous). Medical professionals recognise the presence of the ApoE4 isoform as a major genetic risk factor for development of Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the availability of analytical methods for rapid and reliable ApoE4 classification is advantageous.

Evidence Investigator

The Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) Array is a research use only product developed for the Evidence Investigator. The ApoE4 Array measures both total ApoE protein levels and ApoE4 protein levels directly from plasma samples and using a ratio can classify patients as negative or positive for ApoE4. In turn we can then assess their risk for the  development of Alzheimer’s disease.

2-plex Biochip Array

  • Pan ApoE
  • ApoE4

An individual’s ApoE status has been shown to affect pre-symptomatic risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response for a variety of diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease. The ApoE4 Array can rapidly and accurately detect an individual’s ApoE4 status directly from a plasma sample. In combination with medical and family history, medication and lifestyle, this can deliver valuable information for personalised medicine approaches.

The 2-plex diagnostic Alzheimer’s test has the utility to detect the likelihood of a person’s chance of developing the disease to assist in the research and development of a potential drug to combat or slow down the process of Alzheimer’s.

1 https://www.alz.org/global/overview.asp

2 https://www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers/article/clinical-trials-alzheimers-disease-whats-new 

3 https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/alzheimers-disease-and-genes

 

For further information about the Randox Alzheimer’s Array, please email info@randoxbiosciences.com

 

 

 


Powering the Evidence Series – Biochip Array Technology

In 2002, Randox invented a worlds first; Biochip Array Technology, instantly changing the landscape of diagnostic testing forever. Biochip Array Technology is a multi-analyte platform which provides an unrivalled increase in patient information per sample. Instead of a patient sample needing to be subdivided for each test result, or in some cases re-collected, Biochip Array Technology offers a diagnostic patient profile with each patient sample.

How does it work?

Biochip Array Technology is a precision multiplex testing platform allowing for the simultaneous quantitative or qualitative detection of a wide range of analytes from a single sample.

The biochip detection system is based on a chemiluminescent reaction. This is the emission of light, without heat, as a result of a chemical reaction. An enzyme is used to catalyse the chemical reaction on the biochip which generates the chemiluminescent signal. The light emitted from the chemiluminescent reaction that takes place in each DTR is simultaneously detected and quantified using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Camera.

Each biochip has up to 49 Discrete Test Regions (DTR). This means that up to 44 tests can be carried out simultaneously. The additional DTR are reserved for internal quality control and visual reference, a unique Biochip Array Technology feature.

 

How is the technology applied?

With over £250 million invested into Biochip Array Technology research and development, Randox have launched a range of Biochip Array Technology immunoanalysers – The Evidence Series. This includes the Evidence, the Evidence Evolution, the Evidence Investigator and the Evidence MultiSTAT. Each analyser is developed with boundary pushing engineering, designed to make financial, labour and time savings for the end user.

The Evidence Series has truly revolutionised diagnostic testing forever. Offering unrivalled capabilities across all analysers, we truly believe that the Evidence Series range of immunoassay analysers can meet your diagnostic testing capabilities.

 

For more information on any of the Evidence Series, please visit http://www.randox.com/evidence-series/ or contact us evidenceseries@randox.com.


Evidence Series Immunoanalysers

 

Powered by Biochip Array Technology

In 2002, Randox invented a world first, Biochip Array Technology (BAT), instantly changing the landscape of diagnostic testing forever. BAT is a multi-analyte platform which provides an unrivaled increase in patient information per sample. Instead of a patient sample needing to be subdivided for each test result, or in some cases re-collected, Biochip Array Technology offers a diagnostic patient profile with each patient sample. So now the patient’s needs become the focus, as BAT delivers the multiple results needed for improved diagnosis.

With over £250 million invested into Biochip Array Technology research and development, Randox have launched a range of Biochip Array Technology immunoanalysers – The Evidence Series. This includes the Evidence, the Evidence Investigator and the Evidence MultiSTAT. Each analyser is developed with boundary pushing engineering, designed to make financial, labour and time savings for the end user. Utilising this technology, the Evidence series guarantees cost-effective, highly accurate and flexible testing solutions.

Click on the immunoanalysers below for more information

Evidence Investigator

Evidence MultiSTAT

Evidence

Why choose the Evidence Series?

  • Biochip Array Technology has a proven high standard of precise test results with CVs <10%
  • Multiplex testing reduces the amount of time and labour spent on individual tests and associated laboratory costs
  • Simultaneous testing represents greater value for money as fewer patient samples are able to deliver more in-depth analysis
  • Testing for multiple markers simultaneously increases the amount of patient information rapidly available to the clinician, allowing for more informed diagnosis
  • Randox has the world's most innovative test development program, ensuring that with Biochip Array Technology you are able to offer improved options from your laboratory
  • Multiple sample types can be used on one immunoanalyser including serum, plasma, whole blood, urine and oral fluid
  • Vast Biochip Array Technology test menu allows clinicians to detect routine and novel markers for advanced analysis
  • Through utilising a smaller sample volume, more assays can be run without needing further collections

Biochip Array Technology Test Menu

Adhesion Molecules
E-Selectin P-Selectin L-Selectin
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-I – ICAM-I Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-I –VCAM-I
Alzheimer’s
Apolipoprotein E4 –ApoE4 Pan Apolipoprotein E – Apo E
Anaemia
Ferritin Folate Vitamin B12
Bone Disease
Vitamin D
Cancer
Carcinoembryonic Antigen – CEA Free Prostate Specific Antigen − FPSA Total Prostate Specific Antigen − TPSA
Cardiac
Cardiac Troponin I – cTnl Creatine Kinase MB – CKMB Heart Fatty Acid Binding Protein – H-FABP Myoglobin
Cerebral
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor − BDNF Neuron Specific Enolase − NSE
Cytokines
Epidermal Growth Factor − EGF Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Interferon-γ − IFN-γ Interleukin-1 alpha − IL-1α
Interleukin-1 beta − IL-1β Interleukin-2 − IL-2 Interleukin-3 − IL-3 Interleukin-4 − IL-4
Interleukin-5 − IL 5 Interleukin-6 − IL-6 Interleukin-7 − IL-7 Interleukin-8 − IL-8
Interleukin-4 − IL-4 Interleukin-5 − IL 5 Interleukin-6 − IL-6 Interleukin-7 − IL-7
Interleukin-8 − IL-8 Interleukin-10 − IL-10 Interleukin-12p70 − IL-12p70 Interleukin-13 − IL-13
Interleukin-15 − IL 15 Interleukin-23 − IL-23 Macrophage Infl ammatory Protein-1α − MIP-1α Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 − MMP 9
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 − MCP-1 Soluble IL-2 Receptor Alpha − sIL-2Rα Soluble IL-6 Receptor − sIL-6R Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 − sTNFR1
Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 − sTNFR2 Tumour Necrosis Factor-α − TNF-α Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor − VEGF
Diabetes
Insulin
Endocrine
Cortisol Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulphate- DHEAS
Fertility / Pregnancy
Estradiol Follicle Stimulating Hormone − FSH Luteinizing Hormone − LH Progesterone
Prolactin Sex Hormone Binding Globulin − SHBG Testosterone
Fibrinolysis
D-Dimer
Gastro
Gastrin 17 – GI7 Helicobacter pylori – H. pylori Pepsinogen I – PGI Pepsinogen II – PGII
Metabolic
Adiponectin Ferritin Insulin Leptin
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor − PAI-1 Resistin
Renal
Adiponectin Complement C3a des Arginine – C3a des Arg CRP (C-Reactive Protein) Cystatin C
D-Dimer Epidermal Growth Factor − EGF Fatty Acid Binding Protein-1 − FABP1 Interleukin-8 − IL-8
Macrophage Infl ammatory Protein-1α − MIP-1α Neutrophil Gelatinase – Associated Lipocalin – NGAL Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 − sTNFR1 Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 − sTNFR2
Stroke
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor − BDNF D-Dimer Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein − GFAP Glutathione S – Transferase Pi – GSTPi
Heart Fatty Acid Binding Protein – H-FABP Interleukin-6 − IL-6 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase – NDKA Neuron Specifi c Enolase − NSE
Parkinson Protein 7 − PARK-7 Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 − sTNFR1
Thyroid
Anti-Thyroglobulin − Anti-Tg Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase − Anti-TPO Free Tri-iodothyronine − FT3 Free Thyroxine − FT4
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone − TSH Thyroxine Binding Globulin − TBG Total Tri-iodothyronine − TT3 Total Thyroxine − TT4
Toxicology
Amphetamine Barbiturates Benzodiazepines I Benzodiazepines II
Buprenorphine Cannabinoids – THC Cocaine Metabolite Dextromethorphan
Fentanyl Ketamine Meprobamate Methadone
Opiate Oxycodone I Oxycodone II Phencyclidine – PCP
Tramadol Tricyclic Antidepressants Zolpidem
Molecular
20 SNPs Adenovirus A/B/C/D/E APOB – 1 mutation Bordetella pertussis
BRAF – 1 mutation Chlamydia trachomatis – (CT) Chlamydophila pneumoniae Coronavirus 229E/NL63
Coronavirus OC43/HKU1 Enterovirus A/B/C Haemophilus ducreyi – (HD) Haemophilus influenzae
Herpes simplex Virus 1– (HSV-1) Herpes simplex Virus 2 – (HSV-2) Human Bocavirus 1/2/3 Human Metapneumovirus – hMPV
Influenza A/B KRAS – 16 mutations LDLR – 38 mutations Legionella pneumophila
Moraxella catarrhalis Mycoplasma genitalium – (MG) Mycoplasma hominis – (MH) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoea – (NG) Parainfluenza Virus 1/2/3/4 PCSK9 – 1 mutation PIK3CA – 3 mutations
Respiratory Syncytial Virus a – RSVa Respiratory Syncytial Virus b – RSVb Rhinovirus A/B Streptococcus pneumoniae
Treponema pallidum – (TP) Trichomonas vaginalis – (TV) Ureaplasma urealyticum – (UU)
Veterinary Residues / Food Diagnostics
17β-Clostebol 5-hydroxy Flunixin Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin G1/G2
Aflatoxin M1 AHD Amikacin/Kanamycin Amino Benzimidazoles
Amoxicillin AMOZ Amphenicols Ampicillin
AOZ Apramycin Avermectins Bacitracin
Baquiloprim Benzimidazoles Beta-agonists Beta-Lactams
Boldenone Cefapirin Cefoperazone Cefquinome
Ceftiofur Cefuroxime Cephalexin Cephalonium
Chloramphenicol Chlormadinone Clopidol Cloxacillin
Corticosteroids Dapsone Decoquinate Deoxynivalenol
Dexamethasone Diacetoxyscirpenol Diclazuril Dicloxacillin
Dihydrostreptomycin Ergot Alkaloids Erythromycin Ethinylestradiol
Fumonisins Gentamicin Gestagens Halofugine
Hygromycin B Imidocarb Kanamycin Lasalocid
Levamisole Lincomycin Lincosamides MaduramicinG
Melamine Meloxicam Metamizole Methyltestosterone
Monensin Moxidectin (MXD) Nandrolone Neomycin/Paromomycin
Nicarbazin Nitroimidazoles Nitroxynil Novobiocin
Ochratoxin A Oxacillin Paxilline Penicillin G
Penicillin V Phenylbutazone Pirlimycin Polymixins
Quinolones Ractopamine Rifaximin Robenidine
Salinomycin SEM Spectinomycin Spiramycin
Spiramycin/Josamycin Stanozolol Stilbenes Streptomycin
Sulfaguanidine Sulfamethazine Sulphachlorpyridazine Sulphadiazine
Sulphadimethoxine Sulphadoxine Sulphamerazine Sulphamethazine
Sulphamethizole Sulphamethoxazole Sulphamethoxypyridazine Sulphapyridine
Sulphaquinoxaline Sulphathiazole Sulphisoxazole Sulphonamides
T2 toxin Tetracyclines Thiabendazole Thiamphenicol
Tobramycin Tolfenamic Acid Toltrazuril Trenbolone
Triclabendazole Trimethoprim Tylosin Tylosin B/Tilmicosin
Virginiamycin Virginiamycin M1 Zearalenone Zeranol

Evidence Investigator – Biochip Immunoanalyser

Adaptable, Efficient & Comprehensive

The #1 choice for research, clinical, forensic, molecular, and veterinary testing.

Using the same multiplexing technology as the fully automated Evidence, the semi-automated benchtop immunoanalyser Evidence Investigator is suitable for medium throughput laboratories. In addition to its current wide test menu new tests are in development.

A revolution in diagnostics, the Evidence Investigator has the capability to maximise the efficiency of your laboratory.

evidence-investigator-analyser
evidence-investigator-computer-screen

Features & Benefits

  • Semi-automated benchtop immunoanalyser
  • Up to 2376 tests per hour
  • Up to 44 analytes screened per biochip
  • Suitable for medium throughput laboratories
  • Extremely robust with only one moving part
  • 75cm (H) x 48cm (D) x 42cm (W)

Available BAT Arrays

  • Adhesion Molecules Array
  • Alzheimer Risk Detection Array
  • Anthelmintics Array
  • Antimicrobial Arrays
  • Beta-lactam Array
  • Cardiac Array
  • Cardiac Risk Prediction Array
  • Cerebral Arrays
  • Chronic Kidney Disease Array I & II
  • Coccidostats Array
  • Cytokine Arrays
  • Drugs of Abuse Arrays
  • Endocrine Array
  • Familial Hypercholesterolemia Arrays
  • Gastro Intestinal Panel 1 and 2
  • Growth Promoter Arrays
  • KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA* Array (*for research use only)
  • Metabolic Syndrome Arrays
  • Respiratory Multiplex Array
  • SARS-CoV-2 IgG (RBD & NP) Array
  • STI Multiplex Array
  • Synthetic Steroids Array
  • Thyroid Free Array
  • Thyroid Total Array
  • Tumour PSA array
  • Vitamin D Array

 


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